By CHRIS BUCKLEY
CHUZHOU, China — Ever since Wu Lina left home on an errand last May and never returned, her family has lived with fears it hardly dares dwell on.
Ms. Wu, then 19, left saying she was going to buy an envelope, said her mother, Lu Qingying, though the police later found that she also dropped in on a former classmate. He was the last person they know who saw her.
"I’d do anything to get her back," Ms. Lu said. "Only then will I have any peace. Now she never leaves my thoughts."
As tumultuous social changes pull apart the cramped, closely monitored communities that once confined people’s lives in China, more Chinese families are experiencing the novel trauma of unexplained disappearances.
Vast distances, an increasingly mobile population and an ill-coordinated bureaucracy can make searching for missing loved ones here a long, often inconclusive ordeal. But growing numbers of families are, like Ms. Wu’s, finding some hope in a band of Internet-savvy volunteer searchers.
Ms. Wu grew up in Chuzhou, a city of 200,000 set in the flat croplands of Anhui Province, in central China. She was a smart, well-liked business student at a local college and dreamed of running her own company, said her family and teachers.
They also recalled her squalls of bad temper, but insisted that she was punctual and generally level-headed. They and the local police could only guess at why she disappeared, though her parents flinchingly speculated that she might have been abducted or murdered in their crime-troubled neighborhood.
"If I knew there was a boyfriend who made her leave, I could bear it," said her elder sister, Wu Yan. "But there’s no explanation or clues. Just this blank."
Stories like Ms. Wu’s, and the melancholy sight of the missing-person notices that speckle newspapers and lampposts here, inspired another Chuzhou resident, Shen Hao, to establish a Web site and a network of volunteers dedicated to finding missing people.
Three years ago, he said, he read about the disappearance of three young women and decided to use to his self-taught computer skills to do something about it.
"In China, volunteers like me should help when the government can’t solve society’s problems," he said.
Mr. Shen’s "Missing Person" Web site is the most visited of several similar nonprofit Web sites in China. Conversations with him are punctuated by phone calls from anxious families. Since the site opened in January 2000, it has had 370,000 hits. Searching families pay a small fee to cover computer costs and phone bills.
Mr. Shen’s site has carried photographs and descriptive details of hundreds of missing people. Over the past two years several dozen have been found with the help of some 4,000 volunteers who pass on information and search for people at places like train stations and Internet cafes.
Mr. Shen said that nobody, not even the police, seemed to know how many people across China disappear for months or longer every year, but there seems little doubt the problem is growing.
"I can’t even guess," he said, "but if China has more than 200,000 suicides every year, I’d say many more people go missing. It’s astronomic. We try our best, but we’re only a drop in the ocean."
Police estimates from Shanghai, for example, showed that the number of people reported missing there approached 10,000 in 2001, double the number in the mid-1990’s.
Most people who go missing here are teenagers and young adults, often escaping unhappy homes or exam terrors or lured away by romance and ambition, Mr. Shen said, or old people whose failing minds lead them astray.
"Some kids don’t even want to come back when we find them," he said, shaking his head, as if their refusal defied explanation. "They want to escape their families for good. The generation gap is growing, and we need to explore how to heal it."
Mr. Shen, 34, runs his missing-person Web site and a Web site design business from a spare, concrete house he shares with 10 relatives.
Ms. Wu’s parents said they were sure she did not run away from them, even though she did go off to Shanghai for a few days when she was 14. When she stepped out the door last May 6, she had only a little change and the clothes she was wearing, and she was looking forward to returning to college in two days.
Her father, Wu Xianshu, said: "We were always very happy. We’re not rich, but we did everything for our children."
He lost his job as a traveling film projectionist because he and his wife chose to have four children — three daughters and a son — in violation of China’s family planning restrictions.
Their search for Ms. Wu was first stymied by official indifference. For a month after Ms. Wu disappeared, her college dissuaded them from putting up search notices, saying it would hurt the school’s image. The first police officer they went to scoffed at their fears, saying Ms. Wu had no doubt run off with a boyfriend.
Later, another officer assigned to her case organized an intense investigation and sent out notices to the police in surrounding provinces. He also questioned the former classmate who last saw Ms. Wu, but he turned up no clues and suggested that her family go to Mr. Shen.
Ms. Wu’s searchers face the enormous task of tracing her in a country of 1.3 billion people where the old administrative controls that once hemmed in movement, and crime, are crumbling under tides of population mobility. According to recent estimates, 120 million people have migrated from their homes, mostly to larger cities, to make a living.
Mr. Wu said his family could do little but wait for a telephone call either to answer hopes or to confirm fears.
Since issuing a notice on Mr. Shen’s site last year, the family has received phone calls from several would-be extortionists promising information about Ms. Wu in exchange for large sums of money, he added.
"If I could believe them," he said, "I’d sell my own flesh to know where she is or even hear her voice."
[译文] 寻找失踪者——中国人在网络找到希望
[作者:CHRIS BUCKLY 译者:芒果]
中国,滁州——武丽娜自从因事离家后再也没有回来过。她的家人生活在恐慌之中,难以为继。
武丽娜,19岁,据她母亲吕庆英所述,她说要出去买一个信封,就离开了家。警察调查发现她曾拜访过一位老同学,这是目前最后一位见到她的人了。
“不管怎么样我都要把她找回来,”陆女士说,“只有这样我才能过的安宁,我没有一刻不思念她。”
随着巨大的社会变迁瓦解了那曾经局促得近乎监视的限制着人民生活的社会,越来越多的中国家庭正经历着小说式的莫名失踪所带来的伤痛。
辽阔的国土,不断增长的流动人口,以及庞大的官僚机构使得在中国寻找一位亲爱的失散亲人成为一种长期的、无能为力的折磨。但越来越多像武小姐这样的家庭在一种互联网志愿寻人团体里看到了希望。
武小姐在滁州长大,这是个具有20万人口的城市,位于中国中部安徽省的平原上。她的家人和老师说,她是一个聪明的喜欢从商的女孩,就读于本地的一所高校并梦想着能拥有一家自己的公司。
他们还回忆到她任性的坏脾气,但都坚持她是一个守时的女孩子,而且通常头脑冷静。虽然她的父母坚信她也许已经被他们那有前科的邻居绑架或谋杀,但他们及当地的警察也只能是对她的失踪进行种种猜测。
“如果她有男朋友并因为他而离开,我可以接受,”她的姐姐武艳说,“但没有任何解释或线索,一切都是空白。”
类似武小姐这样的故事,以及那些出现在报纸和电线杆上的触目惊心的寻人启事,使一位滁州居民沈浩冒出了一个想法:建立一个网站,以及一个志愿寻人的网络!
他说,三年以前,他读了一则关于三个女孩失踪的消息,于是决定用他自学的电脑知识为这些事情做点什么。
“在中国,当政府无法解决一些社会问题时,像我这样的志愿者也许会有些用处。”他说。
沈先生的“寻人启事”网站在中国类似几个非赢利性的网站里被点击率是最高的。不断的有心急如焚的家庭通过电话与他交谈。网站自2000年一月份开通以来已经被点击370000次。要寻找亲人的家庭只需支付廉价的上网费用和电话账单。
沈先生的网站上有数以百计的失踪人员的照片和文字描述。在4000多名志愿传递信息及在火车站、网吧等地方找人的志愿者的帮助下,过去的两年里已有几十个人被找到。
沈先生说即便是警察也无法知道中国每年有多少人失踪数月甚至更久,但毋庸置疑的是问题正越来越严重。
“我也无法猜测(这一数字),”他说,“但如果说中国每年有超过20万人自杀,我只能说失踪的人会更多,是一个天文数字。我们竭尽全力,但只是沧海一粟。”
例如,来自上海的警方估计显示2001年上海所报道的失踪人数将近10,000,比九十年代中期增加了一倍。
沈先生说,大多数失踪的人是十几岁的少年或青年人。通常是为了逃避家庭的不幸或考试的恐慌,或为爱情或梦想所诱使。也有神志不清的老年人因迷路而失踪的。
“有些孩子被我们找到后还是不愿回家,”他摇着头,似乎对他们的拒绝难以理解。“他们想要逃避家庭过得更好。代沟越来越深,我们需要探寻如何弥补它。”
沈先生34岁了,在一间书房里经营着他的寻人网站并从事网页设计。他拥着一个10位成员的大家庭。
武小姐的父母认为她不会离开他们,虽然14岁时她曾经离家出走到上海几天。去年5月6日,当她重新出现在家门口时,她并没有多大变化,仍然穿着那些衣服。她期盼着能在两天内重返校园。
她的父亲武献术说,“我们一直很幸福,我们并不富有,但我们为孩子做了一切力所能及的事。”
他因为违反计划生育规定要了4个孩子——三女一男——而丢掉了电影放映员的工作。
他们寻找武小姐的工作首先因为政府人员的冷漠而遭受打击。在武小姐失踪一个月后,她的学校劝阻他们张贴寻人启事,说那会影响学校的形象。他们第一位寻求帮助的警官嘲笑他们的担心,说武小姐说不定是跟着男朋友私奔了。
后来,另一名参与该案的警官组织了一次大调查并在全省范围内发出告示,他还审问了那位最后一名见到武小姐的同学,但毫无线索。于是他建议她的家庭求助于沈先生。
寻找武小姐的人面临着一个艰巨的任务——在一个拥有13亿人口的旧的行政管理体制正在经历改革开放这一变革的国度里寻找武小姐的行踪。零星的犯罪行为在移动人流中不时地出现。据最近的估计,有1亿2千万人离开家园,其中大多数去往大城市谋生。
武小姐的父亲补充道,自从去年沈先生的网站上发布了(武小姐的)寻人启事后,他们家收到了一些企图勒索钱财的电话,允诺可以用大量的钱来换取吴小姐的消息。
“如果他们是可信的,”他说,“我宁愿卖血也要知道她的消息,哪怕是听一听她的声音。”